"Understanding Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of Its Causes and Treatments

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by red, scaly plaques that can affect various body regions, including the scalp, nails, and joints. This condition, which arises from immune dysregulation, significantly impacts the quality of life and is associated with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disorders, arthritis, and psychiatric diseases. The etiology of psoriasis involves genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with genetic predisposition playing a critical role. Immunologically, the interaction between T-cells, cytokines, and keratinocytes drives the disease, particularly through the IL-17 and IL-23 pathways. Various triggers, including infections, stress, and medications, can exacerbate the condition. Psoriasis manifests in multiple forms, such as plaque, guttate, pustular, and erythrodermic psoriasis, each with distinct clinical features.

The treatment of psoriasis is multi-faceted, ranging from topical therapies and phototherapy to systemic medications like methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics that target specific immune pathways. Recent advancements include the development of JAK inhibitors and personalized medicine approaches, which hold promise for improving patient outcomes. This review emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment plans, patient education, and lifestyle modifications for effectively managing psoriasis and its associated complications.